The International Organization for Standardization (French French is a Romance language spoken as a first language by about 136 million people worldwide. Around 190 million people speak French as a second language, and an additional 200 million speak it as an acquired foreign language. French speaking communities are present in 57 countries and territories. Most native speakers of the language live in: Organisation internationale de normalisation), widely known as ISO (pronounced /ˈaɪsoʊ/ EYE-soe), is an international-standard International standards are standards developed by international standards organizations. International standards are available for consideration and use, worldwide. The most prominent organisation is the International Organization for Standardization-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations A standards organization, standards body, standards development organization or SDO is any entity whose primary activities are developing, coordinating, promulgating, revising, amending, reissuing, interpreting, or otherwise maintaining standards that address the interests of a wide base of users outside the standards development organization. Founded on 23 February 1947, the organization promulgates worldwide proprietary industrial and commercial standards A technical standard is an established norm or requirement. It is usually a formal document that establishes uniform engineering or technical criteria, methods, processes and practices. In contrast, a custom, convention, company product, corporate standard, etc. which becomes generally accepted and dominant is often called a de facto standard. It has its headquarters in Geneva Geneva (Arpitan: Genèva, IPA: [ˈd͡zənɛva]; French: Genève, IPA: [ʒənɛv]; German: Genf, IPA: [ˈɡɛnf] ; Italian: Ginevra; Romansh: Genevra) is the second-most-populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandie (the French-speaking part of Switzerland). Situated where the Rhône River exits Lake Geneva (, Switzerland Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation (Confœderatio Helvetica in Latin, hence its ISO country codes CH and CHE), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe[note 4] where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to.^[1] While ISO defines itself as a non-governmental organization A non-governmental organization is a legally constituted, non-governmental organization created by natural or legal persons with no participation or representation of any government. In the cases in which NGOs are funded totally or partially by governments, the NGO maintains its non-governmental status by excluding government representatives from, its ability to set standards that often become law, either through treaties A treaty is an agreement under international law entered into by actors in international law, namely sovereign states and international organizations. A treaty may also be known as: agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, exchange of letters, etc. Regardless of the terminology, all of these international agreements under international law are or national standards, makes it more powerful than most non-governmental organizations.^{[citation needed]} In practice, ISO acts as a consortium with strong links to governments.^{[citation needed]}

Name and abbreviation

The organization's logos A logo is a graphic mark or emblem commonly used by commercial enterprises, organizations and even individuals to aid and promote instant public recognition. Logos are either purely graphic or are composed of the name of the organization (a logotype or wordmark). An example of an abstract mark is the blue octagon representing Chase Bank, while an in two of its official languages, English English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into South-East Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria. Following the economic, political, military, scientific, cultural, and colonial influence of Great Britain and the United Kingdom from the 18th century, and of and French French is a Romance language spoken as a first language by about 136 million people worldwide. Around 190 million people speak French as a second language, and an additional 200 million speak it as an acquired foreign language. French speaking communities are present in 57 countries and territories. Most native speakers of the language live in, include the word ISO (pronounced /ˈaɪsoʊ/), and it is usually referred to by this short-form name. ISO is not an acronym or initialism Acronyms and initialisms are abbreviations that are formed using the initial components in a phrase or name. These components may be individual letters or parts of words (as in Benelux). There is no universal agreement on the precise definition of the various terms (see nomenclature), nor on written usage (see orthographic styling). While popular for the organization's full name in either official language. Rather, the organization adopted ISO based on the Greek word isos (ἴσος), meaning equal. Recognizing that the organization’s initials would be different in different languages, the organization's founders chose ISO as the universal short form of its name. This, in itself, reflects the aim of the organization: to equalize and standardize across cultures.^[2][3]

International Standards and other publications

ISO's main products are the International Standards. ISO also publishes Technical Reports, Technical Specifications, Publicly Available Specifications, Technical Corrigenda, and Guides.^[4][5]

International Standards are identified in the format ISO[/IEC][/ASTM] [IS] nnnnn[:yyyy] Title, where nnnnn is the number of the standard, yyyy is the year published, and Title describes the subject. IEC for International Electrotechnical Commission The International Electrotechnical Commission is a non-profit, non-governmental international standards organization that prepares and publishes International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies – collectively known as "electrotechnology". IEC standards cover a vast range of technologies from power is included if the standard results from the work of ISO/IEC JTC1 (the ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee). ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) is used for standards developed in cooperation with ASTM International ASTM International , originally known as the American Society for Testing and Materials, is an international standards organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, and services. The organization's headquarters is in West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, about 5 miles. The date and IS are not used for an incomplete or unpublished standard, and may under some circumstances be left off the title of a published work.

Technical Reports are issued when "a technical committee or subcommittee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard".^[4] such as references and explanations. The naming conventions for these are the same as for standards, except TR prepended instead of IS in the report's name. Examples:

• ISO/IEC TR 17799:2000 Code of Practice for Information Security Management
• ISO/TR 19033:2000 Technical product documentation — Metadata for construction documentation

Technical Specifications can be produced when "the subject in question is still under development or where for any other reason there is the future but not immediate possibility of an agreement to publish an International Standard". Publicly Available Specifications may be "an intermediate specification, published prior to the development of a full International Standard, or, in IEC may be a 'dual logo' publication published in collaboration with an external organization".^[4] Both are named by convention similar to Technical Reports, for example:

• ISO/TS 16952-1:2006 Technical product documentation — Reference designation system — Part 1: General application rules
• ISO/PAS 11154:2006 Road vehicles — Roof load carriers

ISO sometimes issues a Technical Corrigendum. These are amendments to existing standards because of minor technical flaws, usability improvements, or to extend applicability in a limited way. Generally, these are issued with the expectation that the affected standard will be updated or withdrawn at its next scheduled review.^[4]

ISO Guides are meta-standards covering "matters related to international standardization".^[4] They are named in the format "ISO[/IEC] Guide N:yyyy: Title", for example:

• ISO/IEC Guide 2:2004 Standardization and related activities — General vocabulary
• ISO/IEC Guide 65:1996 General requirements for bodies operating product certification

Standardization process

A standard published by ISO/IEC is the last stage of a long process that commonly starts with the proposal of new work within a committee. Here are some abbreviations used for marking a standard with its status:^{[6][7][8][9][10][11][12]}

• PWI - Preliminary Work Item
• NP or NWIP - New Proposal / New Work Item Proposal (e.g. ISO/IEC NP 23007)
• AWI - Approved new Work Item (e.g. ISO/IEC AWI 15444-14)
• WD - Working Draft (e.g. ISO/IEC WD 27032)
• CD - Committee Draft (e.g. ISO/IEC CD 23000-5)
• FCD - Final Committee Draft (e.g. ISO/IEC FCD 23000-12)
• DIS - Draft International Standard (e.g. ISO/IEC DIS 14297)
• FDIS - Final Draft International Standard (e.g. ISO/IEC FDIS 27003)
• PRF - Proof of a new International Standard (e.g. ISO/IEC PRF 18018)
• IS - International Standard (e.g. ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007)

Abbreviations used for amendments :^{[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]}

• NP Amd - New Proposal Amendment (e.g. ISO/IEC 15444-2:2004/NP Amd 3)
• AWI Amd - Approved new Work Item Amendment (e.g. ISO/IEC 14492:2001/AWI Amd 4)
• WD Amd - Working Draft Amendment (e.g. ISO 11092:1993/WD Amd 1)
• CD Amd / PDAmd - Committee Draft Amendment / Proposed Draft Amendment (e.g. ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007/CD Amd 6)
• FPDAmd / DAM (DAmd) - Final Proposed Draft Amendment / Draft Amendment (e.g. ISO/IEC 14496-14:2003/FPDAmd 1)
• FDAM (FDAmd) - Final Draft Amendment (e.g. ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007/FDAmd 4)
• PRF Amd - (e.g. ISO 12639:2004/PRF Amd 1)
• Amd - Amendment (e.g. ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007/Amd 1:2007

Other abbreviations :^{[11][10][14][13]}

• TR - Technical Report (e.g. ISO/IEC TR 19791:2006)
• DTR - Draft Technical Report (e.g. ISO/IEC DTR 19791)
• TS - Technical Specification (e.g. ISO/TS 16949:2009)
• DTS - Draft Technical Specification (e.g. ISO/DTS 11602-1)
• PAS - Publicly Available Specification
• TTA - Technology Trends Assessment (e.g. ISO/TTA 1:1994)
• IWA - International Workshop Agreement (e.g. IWA 1:2005)
• Cor - Technical Corrigendum (e.g. ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007/Cor 1:2008)
• Guide - a guidance to technical committees for the preparation of standards

International Standards are developed by ISO technical committees (TC) and subcommittees (SC) by a process with six steps:^[8][15]

• Stage 1: Proposal stage
• Stage 2: Preparatory stage
• Stage 3: Committee stage
• Stage 4: Enquiry stage
• Stage 5: Approval stage
• Stage 6: Publication stage

The TC/SC may set up working groups A working group is an interdisciplinary collaboration of researchers working on new research activities that would be difficult to develop under traditional funding mechanisms (e.g. federal agencies). The lifespan of the WG can last anywhere between a few months and several years. Such groups have the tendency to develop a quasi-permanent (WG) of experts for the preparation of a Working Drafts. Subcommittees may have several working groups, which can have several Sub Groups (SG).^[16]

It is possible to omit certain stages, if there is a document with a certain degree of maturity at the start of a standardization project - for example a standard developed by another organization. ISO/IEC Directives allow also the so-called "Fast-track procedure". In this procedure a document is submitted directly for approval as a draft International Standard (DIS) to the ISO member bodies or as a final draft International Standard (FDIS) if the document was developed by an international standardizing body recognized by the ISO Council.^[8]

The first step - a proposal of work (New Proposal) is approved at the relevant subcommittee or technical committee (e.g. SC29 and JTC1 respectively in the case of Moving Picture Experts Group The Moving Picture Experts Group is a working group of experts that was formed by the ISO to set standards for audio and video compression and transmission. It was established in 1988 and its first meeting was in May 1988 in Ottawa, Canada. As of late 2005, MPEG has grown to include approximately 350 members per meeting from various industries, - ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11). A working group (WG) of experts is set up by the TC/SC for the preparation of a Working Draft. When the scope of a new work is sufficiently clarified, some of the working groups (e.g. MPEG) usually make open request for proposals - known as "Call for proposals". The first document that is produced for example for audio and video coding standards is called a Verification Model (VM) (previously also called a Simulation and Test Model). When a sufficient confidence in the stability of the standard under development is reached, a Working Draft (WD) is produced. This is in the form of a standard but is kept internal to working group for revision. When a Working Draft is sufficiently solid and the working group is satisfied that it has developed the best technical solution to the problem being addressed, it becomes Committee Draft (CD). If it is required, it is then sent to the P-members of the TC/SC (National Bodies) for ballot. The CD becomes Final Committee Draft (FCD) if the number of positive votes is above the quorum. Successive committee drafts may be considered until consensus is reached on the technical content. When it is reached, the text is finalized for submission as a draft International Standard (DIS). The text is then submitted to National Bodies for voting and comment within a period of five months. It is approved for submission as a final draft International Standard (FDIS) if a two-thirds majority of the P-members of the TC/SC are in favour and not more than one-quarter of the total number of votes cast are negative. ISO will then hold a ballot with National Bodies where no technical changes are allowed (yes/no ballot), within a period of two months. It is approved as an International Standard (IS) if a two-thirds majority of the P-members of the TC/SC is in favour and not more than one-quarter of the total number of votes cast are negative. After approval, only minor editorial changes are introduced into the final text. The final text is sent to the ISO Central Secretariat which publishes it as the International Standard.^[6][8]

ISO document copyright

ISO documents are copyrighted and ISO charges for copies of most. ISO does not, however, charge for most draft copies of documents in electronic format. Although useful, care must be taken using these drafts as there is the possibility of substantial change before it becomes finalized as a standard. Some standards by ISO and its official U.S. representative (and the International Electrotechnical Commission The International Electrotechnical Commission is a non-profit, non-governmental international standards organization that prepares and publishes International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies – collectively known as "electrotechnology". IEC standards cover a vast range of technologies from power's via the U.S. National Committee) are made freely available.^[17][18]

Members

ISO has 158 national members,^[19] out of the 203 This is a list of sovereign states, containing 203 entries, giving an overview of states around the world with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty. For the sake of clarity, it is divided into two parts. The first part lists all 193 widely recognised sovereign states, including all member states of the United Nations and total countries in the world.

ISO has three membership categories:

• Member bodies are national bodies that are considered to be the most representative standards body in each country. These are the only members of ISO that have voting rights.
• Correspondent members are countries that do not have their own standards organization. These members are informed about ISO's work, but do not participate in standards promulgation.
• Subscriber members are countries with small economies. They pay reduced membership fees, but can follow the development of standards.

Participating members are called "P" members as opposed to observing members which are called "O" members.

Products named after ISO

The fact that many of the ISO-created standards are ubiquitous has led, on occasion, to common use of "ISO" to describe the actual product that conforms to a standard. Some examples of this are:

• CD images A disk image is a single file or storage device containing the complete contents and structure representing a data storage medium or device, such as a hard drive, tape drives, floppy disk, CD/DVD/BD/HD DVD and key drive, although an image of an optical disc may be referred to as an optical disc image. A disk image is usually created by creating a end in the file extension A filename extension is a suffix to the name of a computer file applied to indicate the encoding convention of its contents "ISO An ISO image is an archive file of an optical disc in a format defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). This format is supported by many software vendors. ISO image files typically have a file extension of .ISO. The name ISO is taken from the ISO 9660 file system used with CD-ROM media, but an ISO image can also contain" to signify that they are using the ISO 9660 ISO 9660, also referred to as CDFS by some hardware and software providers, is a file system standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for optical disc media. It aims at supporting different computer operating systems such as Windows, classic Mac OS, and Unix-like systems, so that data may be exchanged standard filesystem as opposed to another file system - hence CD images are commonly referred to as "ISOs". Virtually all computers with CD-ROM CD-ROM is a pre-pressed compact disc that contains data accessible to, but not writable by, a computer for data storage and music playback, the 1985 “Yellow Book” standard developed by Sony and Philips adapted the format to hold any form of binary data drives can read CDs that use this standard. Some DVD-ROMs also use ISO 9660 filesystems.
• Photographic film's sensitivity to light, its "film speed Film speed is the measure of a photographic film's sensitivity to light, determined by sensitometry and measured on various numerical scales, the most recent being the ISO system. Relatively insensitive film, with a correspondingly lower speed index requires more exposure to light to produce the same image density as a more sensitive film, and is," is described by ISO 5800:1987. Hence, the film's speed is often referred to as its "ISO number."

ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1

To deal with the consequences of substantial overlap in areas of standardization and work related to information technology, ISO and IEC The International Electrotechnical Commission is a non-profit, non-governmental international standards organization that prepares and publishes International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies – collectively known as "electrotechnology". IEC standards cover a vast range of technologies from power formed a Joint Technical Committee known as the ISO/IEC JTC1. It was the first such joint committee. The second joint committee was created in 2009 - Joint Project Committee - Energy efficiency and renewable energy sources - Common terminology (ISO/IEC/JTC 2).^[20]

IWA document

Like ISO/TS, International Workshop Agreement (IWA) is another armoury of ISO for providing rapid response to requirements for standardization in areas where the technical structures and expertise are not currently in place^{[citation needed]}. The utility harmonizes technical urgency industrial wide.

Criticism

With the exception of a small number of isolated standards,^[21] ISO standards are normally not available free of charge, but for a purchase fee,^[22] which has been seen by some as too expensive for small Open source Open source describes practices in production and development that promote access to the end product's source materials. Some consider open source a philosophy, others consider it a pragmatic methodology. Before the term open source became widely adopted, developers and producers used a variety of phrases to describe the concept; open source projects.^[23]

The ISO/IEC JTC1 fast-track procedures ("Fast-track" as used by OOXML Office Open XML is an ISO/IEC standardized ZIP-based file format originally developed by Microsoft for representing spreadsheets, charts, presentations and word processing documents and "PAS" as used by OpenDocument The Open Document Format for Office Applications is an XML-based file format for representing electronic documents such as spreadsheets, charts, presentations and word processing documents) have garnered criticism in relation to the standardization of Office Open XML (ISO/IEC 29500). Martin Bryan, outgoing Convenor of ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34 ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 34 is a subcommittee of the ISO/IEC JTC1 joint technical committee, which is a collaborative effort of both the International Organization for Standardization and the International Electrotechnical Commission WG1, is quoted as saying:

I would recommend my successor that it is perhaps time to pass WG1’s outstanding standards over to OASIS, where they can get approval in less than a year and then do a PAS submission to ISO, which will get a lot more attention and be approved much faster than standards currently can be within WG1.

The disparity of rules for PAS, Fast-Track and ISO committee generated standards is fast making ISO a laughing stock in IT circles. The days of open standards development are fast disappearing. Instead we are getting 'standardization by corporation'.^[24]

Computer security entrepreneur and Ubuntu Ubuntu , is a computer operating system based on the Debian GNU/Linux distribution investor, Mark Shuttleworth Mark Richard Shuttleworth is a South African entrepreneur who was the second self-funded space tourist. Shuttleworth founded Canonical Ltd. and as of 2010, provides leadership for the Ubuntu operating system. He has a net worth of £150 million ($225 million). He currently lives in the Isle of Man and holds dual citizenship of South Africa and the, commented on the Standardization of Office Open XML process by saying

I think it de-values the confidence people have in the standards setting process,

and Shuttleworth alleged that ISO did not carry out its responsibility. He also noted that Microsoft Microsoft Corporation is a public multinational corporation based in Redmond, Washington, USA that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of products and services predominantly related to computing through its various product divisions. Established on April 4, 1975 to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800, had intensely lobbied many countries that traditionally had not participated in ISO and stacked technical committees with Microsoft employees, solution providers and resellers sympathetic to Office Open XML.

When you have a process built on trust and when that trust is abused, ISO should halt the process ... ISO is an engineering old boys club and these things are boring so you have to have a lot of passion … then suddenly you have an investment of a lot of money and lobbying and you get artificial results. The process is not set up to deal with intensive corporate lobbying and so you end up with something being a standard that is not clear.^[25]

ISO document taxonomy (classification), nomenclature and codification

See also

Notes & References

1. ^ "Discover ISO – Meet ISO". ISO. © 2007. http://www.iso.org/iso/about/discover-iso_meet-iso.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-07.
2. ^ "ISO's name". ISO. 2007. http://www.iso.org/iso/en/networking/pr/isoname/isoname.html. Retrieved 2007-09-07.
3. ^ "Discover ISO – ISO's name". ISO. 2007. http://www.iso.org/iso/about/discover-iso_meet-iso/discover-iso_isos-name.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-07.
4. ^ ^{a b c d e} The ISO directives are published in two distinct parts: * "ISO Directives, Part 2: Rules for the structure and drafting of International Standards. 5th Edition" (pdf). ISO/IEC. 2004. http://www.iec.ch/tiss/iec/Directives-Part2-Ed5.pdf. Retrieved 2007-09-07.
5. ^ ISO. "ISO/IEC Directives and ISO supplement". http://www.iso.org/directives. Retrieved 2010-01-01.
6. ^ ^{a b c} "About MPEG". chiariglione.org. http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/about_mpeg.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
7. ^ ^{a b c} ISO. "International harmonized stage codes". http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/processes_and_procedures/stages_description/stages_table.htm#s90. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
8. ^ ^{a b c d e f} ISO. "Stages of the development of International Standards". http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/processes_and_procedures/stages_description.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
9. ^ ^{a b c} "The ISO27k FAQ - ISO/IEC acronyms and committees". IsecT Ltd.. http://www.iso27001security.com/html/faq.html#Acronyms. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
10. ^ ^{a b c} ISO (2007). "ISO/IEC Directives Supplement — Procedures specific to ISO" (PDF). http://www.astm.org/COMMIT/1st_Supplement.pdf. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
11. ^ ^{a b c} ISO (2007). "List of abbreviations used throughout ISO Online". http://www.iso.org/iso/support/faqs/faqs_list_abbreviations.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
12. ^ ^{a b c} "US TAG COMMITTEE HANDBOOK" (DOC). 2008-03. http://www.sae.org/exdomains/standardsdev/global_resources/US%20TAG%20Committe%20Handbook%206March2008.doc. Retrieved 2010-01-01.
13. ^ ^{a b c} ISO/IEC JTC1 (2009-11-02), Letter Ballot on the JTC 1 Standing Document on Technical Specifications and Technical Reports, http://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink/JTC001-N-9876.pdf?func=doc.Fetch&nodeId=8498789&docTitle=JTC001-N-9876, retrieved 2010-01-01
14. ^ ISO. "ISO deliverables". http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/processes_and_procedures/deliverables.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-09.
15. ^ ^{a b} ISO (2008) (PDF), ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 - Procedures for the technical work, Sixth edition, 2008, http://www.iec.ch/tiss/iec/Directives-Part1-Ed6.pdf, retrieved 2010-01-01
16. ^ ISO, IEC (2009-11-05). "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29, SC 29/WG 11 Structure (ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11 - Coding of Moving Pictures and Audio)". http://www.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/29w12911.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-07.
17. ^ "Freely Available ISO Standards". ISO. Last updated 2007-08-08. http://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink/fetch/2000/2489/Ittf_Home/PubliclyAvailableStandards.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-07.
18. ^ "Free ANSI Standards". http://webstore.ansi.org/ansidocstore/free_standards.asp. Retrieved 2007-06-19.
19. ^ "General information on ISO". ISO. © 2009. http://www.iso.org/iso/support/faqs/faqs_general_information_on_iso.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
20. ^ "ISO/IEC/JTC 2 - Joint Project Committee - Energy efficiency and renewable energy sources - Common terminology". http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/technical_committees/list_of_iso_technical_committees/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=585141. Retrieved 2010-01-01.
21. ^ "Freely Available Standards". ISO. http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/index.html. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
22. ^ "Shopping FAQs". ISO. http://www.iso.org/iso/store/shopping_faqs.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
23. ^ Jelliffe, Rick (2007-08-01). "Where to get ISO Standards on the Internet free". oreillynet.com. http://www.oreillynet.com/xml/blog/2007/08/where_to_get_iso_standards_on.html. Retrieved 2008-04-26. "The lack of free online availability has effectively made ISO standard irrelevant to the (home/hacker section of the) Open Source community"
24. ^ "Report on WG1 activity for December 2007 Meeting of ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34/WG1 in Kyoto". iso/jtc1 sc34. 2007-11-29. http://www.jtc1sc34.org/repository/0940.htm.
25. ^ "Ubuntu’s Shuttleworth blames ISO for OOXML’s win". ZDNet.com. 2008-04-01. http://blogs.zdnet.com/open-source/?p=2222.

External links

• ISO's official website (free access to the catalogue of standards only, not to the contents)
• Publicly Available Standards (free access to a small subset of the standards)
• ISO/TC 37 "Terminology and other language and content resources", a fundamental committee for all ISO standardization projects
• ISO/IEC JTC1
• ISO Advanced search for standards and/or projects

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